Since Dr. Lawrence Poree was appointed to establish a Neuromodulation Service within the Division of Pain Medicine in the Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, the service has evolved in the clinical, research, and educational arenas. Clinically, policies and procedures have been written and approved for the safe management of both out-and in-patients with intrathecal pumps. Research collaborations have resulted in the recent publication of a case report in the Surgical Neurology International Journal, “Intrathecal catheter‑associated inflammatory mass in a neurofibromatosis type‑1 patient receiving fentanyl and bupivacaine.” Dr. Poree is also collaborating to develop a Neuromodulation Research Center of Excellence. Finally, the service has once again broken its prior record of abstract submissions to the North American Neuromodulation Society (NANS) meeting, with a total of 9 submissions, including 7 with Anesthesia / Pain trainees, and representing 3 UCSF Departments (Anesthesia, Neurosurgery, and Radiology). According to NANS, “neuromodulation is the application of targeted electrical, chemical and biological technologies to the nervous system in order to improve function and quality of life.”