Role Faculty Location UCSF at Mission Bay UCSF at Mount Zion UCSF at Parnassus Category Clinical Research Specialties Global Health Equity Neuroanesthesia Education 2019 - Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Champion Training, University of CaliforniaResidency, - School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco Publications In Response. Bickler PE, Feiner JR, Lipnick M Open Access Data Repository and Common Data Model for Pulse Oximeter Performance Data. Fong N, Lipnick MS, Behnke E, Chou Y, Elmankabadi S, Ortiz L, Almond CS, Auchus I, Burnett GW, Bisegerwa R, Conrad DR, Hendrickson CM, Hooli S, Kopotic R, Leeb G, Martin D, McCollum ED, Monk EP, Moore KL, Shmuylovich L, Scott JB, Wong AI, Zhou T, Pirracchio R, Bickler PE, Feiner J, Law T Evidence Against Use of Nitrogen for the Death Penalty. Bickler PE, Lipnick MS The performance of 11 fingertip pulse oximeters during hypoxemia in healthy human participants with varied, quantified skin pigment. Leeb G, Auchus I, Law T, Bickler P, Feiner J, Hashi S, Monk E, Igaga E, Bernstein M, Chou YC, Hughes C, Schornack D, Lester J, Moore K, Okunlola O, Fernandez J, Shmuylovich L, Lipnick M Low Perfusion and Missed Diagnosis of Hypoxemia by Pulse Oximetry in Darkly Pigmented Skin: A Prospective Study. Gudelunas MK, Lipnick M, Hendrickson C, Vanderburg S, Okunlola B, Auchus I, Feiner JR, Bickler PE Searching for molecular hypoxia sensors among oxygen-dependent enzymes. Li L, Shen S, Bickler P, Jacobson MP, Wu LF, Altschuler SJ Mismatched opioid prescription in patients discharged after neurological surgeries: a retrospective cohort study. Campbell LJ, Mummaneni PV, Letchuman V, Langnas E, Agarwal N, Guan LS, Croci R, Vargas E, Reisner L, Bickler P, Chou D, Chang E, Guan Z Quantifying pulse oximeter accuracy during hypoxemia and severe anemia using an in vitro circulation system. Gylys R, Feiner J, Pologe J, Delianides T, Sutter S, Bickler P, Lipnick MS Neuromuscular Weakness and Paralysis Produced by Snakebite Envenoming: Mechanisms and Proposed Standards for Clinical Assessment. Bickler PE, Abouyannis M, Bhalla A, Lewin MR Bilateral Superficial Trigeminal Nerve Blocks are not More Effective than a Placebo in Abolishing Post-operative Headache Pain in Pituitary Transsphenoidal Neurosurgery: A Prospective, Randomized, Doubleblinded Clinical Trial. Srejic U, Litonius E, Gandhi S, Talke P, Maties O, Siegmueller C, Magsaysay A, Hasen D, Kunwar S, Seth R, Gibson L, Bickler P Pulse Oximeter Bias and Inequities in Retrospective Studies--Now What? Moore KL, Gudelunas K, Lipnick MS, Bickler PE, Hendrickson CM Varespladib in the Treatment of Snakebite Envenoming: Development History and Preclinical Evidence Supporting Advancement to Clinical Trials in Patients Bitten by Venomous Snakes. Lewin MR, Carter RW, Matteo IA, Samuel SP, Rao S, Fry BG, Bickler PE A novel approach for the detection of cognitive impairment and delirium risk in older patients undergoing spine surgery. Barreto Chang OL, Whitlock EL, Arias AD, Tsoy E, Allen IE, Hellman J, Bickler PE, Miller B, Possin KL The Pulse Oximeter Is Amazing, but Not Perfect. Bickler P, Tremper KK Neuroanatomical Basis for the Orexinergic Modulation of Anesthesia Arousal and Pain Control. Xiang X, Chen Y, Li KX, Fang J, Bickler PE, Guan Z, Zhou W Pulse Oximeter Performance, Racial Inequity, and the Work Ahead. Okunlola OE, Lipnick MS, Batchelder PB, Bernstein M, Feiner JR, Bickler PE John W. Severinghaus, M.D., 1922 to 2021. Bickler PE, Hornbein T, Saidman LJ Association between tissue oxygenation and myocardial injury in patients undergoing major spine surgery: a prospective cohort study. Bernholm KF, Meyhoff CS, Bickler P Extremes of age are associated with differences in the expression of selected pattern recognition receptor genes and ACE2, the receptor for SARS-CoV-2: implications for the epidemiology of COVID-19 disease. Bickler SW, Cauvi DM, Fisch KM, Prieto JM, Sykes AG, Thangarajah H, Lazar DA, Ignacio RC, Gerstmann DR, Ryan AF, Bickler PE, De Maio A Accuracy of Samsung Smartphone Integrated Pulse Oximetry Meets Full FDA Clearance Standards for Clinical Use. Browne SH, Bernstein M, Bickler PE "Silent" Presentation of Hypoxemia and Cardiorespiratory Compensation in COVID-19. Bickler PE, Feiner JR, Lipnick MS, McKleroy W Amplification of Snake Venom Toxicity by Endogenous Signaling Pathways. Bickler PE Intraoperative physiological ranges associated with improved outcomes after major spine surgery: an observational study. Li G, Lin L, Xiao J, Rosenbaum S, Bickler P, Meng L Delayed LY333013 (Oral) and LY315920 (Intravenous) Reverse Severe Neurotoxicity and Rescue Juvenile Pigs from Lethal Doses of Micrurus fulvius (Eastern Coral Snake) Venom. Lewin MR, Gilliam LL, Gilliam J, Samuel SP, Bulfone TC, Bickler PE, Gutiérrez JM Activation of orexin system facilitates anesthesia emergence and pain control. Zhou W, Cheung K, Kyu S, Wang L, Guan Z, Kurien PA, Bickler PE, Jan LY Delayed Oral LY333013 Rescues Mice from Highly Neurotoxic, Lethal Doses of Papuan Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) Venom. Lewin MR, Gutiérrez JM, Samuel SP, Herrera M, Bryan-Quirós W, Lomonte B, Bickler PE, Bulfone TC, Williams DJ Response to Burtscher re: "Increased Cytokines at High Altitude: Lack of Effect of Ibuprofen on Acute Mountain Sickness, Physiological Variables, or Cytokine Levels". Bickler P, Feiner JR, Lundeberg J Developing Small Molecule Therapeutics for the Initial and Adjunctive Treatment of Snakebite. Bulfone TC, Samuel SP, Bickler PE, Lewin MR Increased Cytokines at High Altitude: Lack of Effect of Ibuprofen on Acute Mountain Sickness, Physiological Variables, or Cytokine Levels. Lundeberg J, Feiner JR, Schober A, Sall JW, Eilers H, Bickler PE Four Types of Pulse Oximeters Accurately Detect Hypoxia during Low Perfusion and Motion. Louie A, Feiner JR, Bickler PE, Rhodes L, Bernstein M, Lucero J Comparison of Transcranial Doppler and Ultrasound-Tagged Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Measuring Relative Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow in Human Subjects. Lipnick MS, Cahill EA, Feiner JR, Bickler PE Effects of Changes in Arterial Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Partial Pressures on Cerebral Oximeter Performance. Schober A, Feiner JR, Bickler PE, Rollins MD Reduction in N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor-mediated Cell Death in Hippocampal Neurons by Glucose Reduction Preconditioning. Yang N, Gabatto P, Bickler PE Little Black Boxes: Noncardiac Implantable Electronic Medical Devices and Their Anesthetic and Surgical Implications. Srejic U, Larson P, Bickler PE Interaction of Isoflurane, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and β-Amyloid on Long-term Potentiation in Rat Hippocampal Slices. Zhou R, Bickler P Effects of Acute, Profound Hypoxia on Healthy Humans: Implications for Safety of Tests Evaluating Pulse Oximetry or Tissue Oximetry Performance. Bickler PE, Feiner JR, Lipnick MS, Batchelder P, MacLeod DB, Severinghaus JW Tissue Oximetry and Clinical Outcomes. Bickler P, Feiner J, Rollins M, Meng L Trends and Challenges in Clinical Monitoring: Papers From the 2015 IAMPOV Symposium. Bickler PE, Cannesson M, Shelley KH Varespladib (LY315920) Appears to Be a Potent, Broad-Spectrum, Inhibitor of Snake Venom Phospholipase A2 and a Possible Pre-Referral Treatment for Envenomation. Lewin M, Samuel S, Merkel J, Bickler P The Accuracy of 6 Inexpensive Pulse Oximeters Not Cleared by the Food and Drug Administration: The Possible Global Public Health Implications. Lipnick MS, Feiner JR, Au P, Bernstein M, Bickler PE Enough Information to Evaluate Clinical Monitors? Bickler PE The Accuracy of Pulse Spectroscopy for Detecting Hypoxemia and Coexisting Methemoglobin or Carboxyhemoglobin. Kulcke A, Feiner J, Menn I, Holmer A, Hayoz J, Bickler P Hypoxic preconditioning and cell death from oxygen/glucose deprivation co-opt a subset of the unfolded protein response in hippocampal neurons. Bickler PE, Clark JP, Gabatto P, Brosnan H Early Treatment with Intranasal Neostigmine Reduces Mortality in a Mouse Model of Naja naja (Indian Cobra) Envenomation. Lewin MR, Samuel SP, Wexler DS, Bickler P, Vaiyapuri S, Mensh BD Limitations of Mild, Moderate, and Profound Hypothermia in Protecting Developing Hippocampal Neurons After Simulated Ischemia. Gregersen M, Lee DH, Gabatto P, Bickler PE Factors affecting the performance of 5 cerebral oximeters during hypoxia in healthy volunteers. Bickler PE, Feiner JR, Rollins MD Accuracy of the Lifebox pulse oximeter during hypoxia in healthy volunteers. Dubowitz G, Breyer K, Lipnick M, Sall JW, Feiner J, Ikeda K, MacLeod DB, Bickler PE Xenon neurotoxicity in rat hippocampal slice cultures is similar to isoflurane and sevoflurane. Brosnan H, Bickler PE Reversal of experimental paralysis in a human by intranasal neostigmine aerosol suggests a novel approach to the early treatment of neurotoxic envenomation. Lewin MR, Bickler P, Heier T, Feiner J, Montauk L, Mensh B Accuracy of carboxyhemoglobin detection by pulse CO-oximetry during hypoxemia. Feiner JR, Rollins MD, Sall JW, Eilers H, Au P, Bickler PE Propofol at clinically relevant concentrations increases neuronal differentiation but is not toxic to hippocampal neural precursor cells in vitro. Sall JW, Stratmann G, Leong J, Woodward E, Bickler PE Anesthetic protection of neurons injured by hypothermia and rewarming: roles of intracellular Ca2+ and excitotoxicity. Bickler PE, Warren DE, Clark JP, Gabatto P, Gregersen M, Brosnan H Delayed environmental enrichment reverses sevoflurane-induced memory impairment in rats. Shih J, May LD, Gonzalez HE, Lee EW, Alvi RS, Sall JW, Rau V, Bickler PE, Lalchandani GR, Yusupova M, Woodward E, Kang H, Wilk AJ, Carlston CM, Mendoza MV, Guggenheim JN, Schaefer M, Rowe AM, Stratmann G The emergence level of the musculocutaneous nerve from the brachial plexus: implications for infraclavicular nerve blocks. Pianezza A, Salces y Nedeo A, Chaynes P, Bickler PE, Minville V Hypothermia and rewarming injury in hippocampal neurons involve intracellular Ca2+ and glutamate excitotoxicity. Warren DE, Bickler PE, Clark JP, Gregersen M, Brosnan H, McKleroy W, Gabatto P Hypoxic preconditioning failure in aging hippocampal neurons: impaired gene expression and rescue with intracellular calcium chelation. Bickler PE, Fahlman CS, Gray JJ Improved accuracy of methemoglobin detection by pulse CO-oximetry during hypoxia. Feiner JR, Bickler PE Enhanced hypoxic preconditioning by isoflurane: signaling gene expression and requirement of intracellular Ca2+ and inositol triphosphate receptors. Bickler PE, Fahlman CS Antifreeze protein suppresses spontaneous neural activity and protects neurons from hypothermia/re-warming injury. Rubinsky L, Raichman N, Lavee J, Frenk H, Ben-Jacob E, Bickler PE Erythropoietin promotes hippocampal neurogenesis in in vitro models of neonatal stroke. Osredkar D, Sall JW, Bickler PE, Ferriero DM Isoflurane does not affect brain cell death, hippocampal neurogenesis, or long-term neurocognitive outcome in aged rats. Stratmann G, Sall JW, Bell JS, Alvi RS, May Ld, Ku B, Dowlatshahi M, Dai R, Bickler PE, Russell I, Lee MT, Hrubos MW, Chiu C Accuracy of methemoglobin detection by pulse CO-oximetry during hypoxia. Feiner JR, Bickler PE, Mannheimer PD Expression of signal transduction genes differs after hypoxic or isoflurane preconditioning of rat hippocampal slice cultures. Bickler PE, Fahlman CS Consensus statement: First International Workshop on Anesthetics and Alzheimer's disease. Baranov D, Bickler PE, Crosby GJ, Culley DJ, Eckenhoff MF, Eckenhoff RG, Hogan KJ, Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Palotás A, Perouansky M, Planel E, Silverstein JH, Wei H, Whittington RA, Xie Z, Zuo Z, First International Workshop on Anesthetics and Alzheimer's Disease Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors and NAD(P)H mediate Ca2+ signaling required for hypoxic preconditioning of hippocampal neurons. Bickler PE, Fahlman CS, Gray J, McKleroy W Arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryii) hippocampal neurons tolerate prolonged oxygen-glucose deprivation and maintain baseline ERK1/2 and JNK activation despite drastic ATP loss. Christian SL, Ross AP, Zhao HW, Kristenson HJ, Zhan X, Rasley BT, Bickler PE, Drew KL Dark skin decreases the accuracy of pulse oximeters at low oxygen saturation: the effects of oximeter probe type and gender. Feiner JR, Severinghaus JW, Bickler PE Hypoxia tolerance in reptiles, amphibians, and fishes: life with variable oxygen availability. Bickler PE, Buck LT Bleeding complications from femoral and sciatic nerve catheters in patients receiving low molecular weight heparin. Bickler P, Brandes J, Lee M, Bozic K, Chesbro B, Claassen J The inhaled anesthetic, isoflurane, enhances Ca2+-dependent survival signaling in cortical neurons and modulates MAP kinases, apoptosis proteins and transcription factors during hypoxia. Bickler PE, Fahlman CS Isoflurane neuroprotection in rat hippocampal slices decreases with aging: changes in intracellular Ca2+ regulation and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated Ca2+ influx. Zhan X, Fahlman CS, Bickler PE Improvised cricothyrotomy provides reliable airway access in an unembalmed human cadaver model. Platts-Mills TF, Lewin MR, Wells J, Bickler P Isoflurane preconditions hippocampal neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation: role of intracellular Ca2+ and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Bickler PE, Zhan X, Fahlman CS Effects of skin pigmentation on pulse oximeter accuracy at low saturation. Bickler PE, Feiner JR, Severinghaus JW Isoflurane neuroprotection in hypoxic hippocampal slice cultures involves increases in intracellular Ca2+ and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Gray JJ, Bickler PE, Fahlman CS, Zhan X, Schuyler JA Intracellular calcium and survival of tadpole forebrain cells in anoxia. Hedrick MS, Fahlman CS, Bickler PE Protective effects of TASK-3 (KCNK9) and related 2P K channels during cellular stress. Liu C, Cotten JF, Schuyler JA, Fahlman CS, Au JD, Bickler PE, Yost CS Mild hypothermia, but not propofol, is neuroprotective in organotypic hippocampal cultures. Feiner JR, Bickler PE, Estrada S, Donohoe PH, Fahlman CS, Schuyler JA Clinical perspectives: neuroprotection lessons from hypoxia-tolerant organisms. Bickler PE Falsely low pulse oximetry values in patients receiving docetaxel (Taxotere). Paige M, Bickler PE Hypoxia increases calcium flux through cortical neuron glutamate receptors via protein kinase C. Bickler PE, Fahlman CS, Ferriero DM Moderate increases in intracellular calcium activate neuroprotective signals in hippocampal neurons. Bickler PE, Fahlman CS gamma-Aminobutyric acid-A receptors contribute to isoflurane neuroprotection in organotypic hippocampal cultures. Bickler PE, Warner DS, Stratmann G, Schuyler JA Oxygen sensitivity of NMDA receptors: relationship to NR2 subunit composition and hypoxia tolerance of neonatal neurons. Bickler PE, Fahlman CS, Taylor DM Activation of the neuroprotective ERK signaling pathway by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate during hypoxia involves intracellular Ca2+ and phospholipase C. Fahlman CS, Bickler PE, Sullivan B, Gregory GA Adaptive responses of vertebrate neurons to hypoxia. Bickler PE, Donohoe PH Molecular adaptations for survival during anoxia: lessons from lower vertebrates. Bickler PE, Donohoe PH, Buck LT Comparison of the effects of cyclosporin a on the metabolism of perfused rat brain slices during normoxia and hypoxia. Serkova N, Donohoe P, Gottschalk S, Hainz C, Niemann CU, Bickler PE, Litt L, Benet LZ, Leibfritz D, Christians U Isoflurane prevents delayed cell death in an organotypic slice culture model of cerebral ischemia. Sullivan BL, Leu D, Taylor DM, Fahlman CS, Bickler PE Neuroprotection and intracellular Ca2+ modulation with fructose-1,6-bisphosphate during in vitro hypoxia-ischemia involves phospholipase C-dependent signaling. Donohoe PH, Fahlman CS, Bickler PE, Vexler ZS, Gregory GA The reversal of fentanyl-induced tolerance by administration of "small-dose" ketamine. Eilers H, Philip LA, Bickler PE, McKay WR, Schumacher MA Effects of neuroprotective cocktails on hippocampal neuron death in an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia. Liniger R, Popovic R, Sullivan B, Gregory G, Bickler PE Hypoxia-induced silencing of NMDA receptors in turtle neurons. Bickler PE, Donohoe PH, Buck LT Anesthetics and mild hypothermia similarly prevent hippocampal neuron death in an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia. Popovic R, Liniger R, Bickler PE Halothane, but not the nonimmobilizers perfluoropentane and 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane, depresses synaptic transmission in hippocampal CA1 neurons in rats. Taylor DM, Eger EI, Bickler PE Different effects of volatile anesthetics and polyhalogenated alkanes on depolarization-evoked glutamate release in rat cortical brain slices. Eilers H, Kindler CH, Bickler PE Volatile anesthetics increase intracellular calcium in cerebrocortical and hippocampal neurons. Kindler CH, Eilers H, Donohoe P, Ozer S, Bickler PE Reversible decreases in ATP and PCr concentrations in anoxic turtle brain. Buck L, Espanol M, Litt L, Bickler P Reduction of NMDA receptor activity in cerebrocortex of turtles (Chrysemys picta) during 6 wk of anoxia. Bickler PE Adaptations of vertebrate neurons to hypoxia and anoxia: maintaining critical Ca2+ concentrations. Bickler PE, Buck LT Hypoxia-tolerant neonatal CA1 neurons: relationship of survival to evoked glutamate release and glutamate receptor-mediated calcium changes in hippocampal slices. Bickler PE, Hansen BM Dual effects of anandamide on NMDA receptor-mediated responses and neurotransmission. Hampson AJ, Bornheim LM, Scanziani M, Yost CS, Gray AT, Hansen BM, Leonoudakis DJ, Bickler PE Adenosine and anoxia reduce N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor open probability in turtle cerebrocortex. Buck LT, Bickler PE Functional deactivation of the major neuronal nicotinic receptor caused by nicotine and a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. Eilers H, Schaeffer E, Bickler PE, Forsayeth JR Interactive effects of pH and temperature on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activity in rat cortical brain slices. Gray AT, Buck LT, Feiner JR, Bickler PE Effects of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate on glutamate release and ATP loss from rat brain slices during hypoxia. Bickler PE, Buck LT Effects of dexmedetomidine on hypoxia-evoked glutamate release and glutamate receptor activity in hippocampal slices. Talke P, Bickler PE Hypothermia and isoflurane similarly inhibit glutamate release evoked by chemical anoxia in rat cortical brain slices. Eilers H, Bickler PE Exercise-induced VA/Q inequality in subjects with prior high-altitude pulmonary edema. Podolsky A, Eldridge MW, Richardson RS, Knight DR, Johnson EC, Hopkins SR, Johnson DH, Michimata H, Grassi B, Feiner J, Kurdak SS, Bickler PE, Severinghaus JW, Wagner PD Pulmonary hemodynamic response to exercise in subjects with prior high-altitude pulmonary edema. Eldridge MW, Podolsky A, Richardson RS, Johnson DH, Knight DR, Johnson EC, Hopkins SR, Michimata H, Grassi B, Feiner J, Kurdak SS, Bickler PE, Wagner PD, Severinghaus JW Alpha 2-adrenergic agonists reduce glutamate release and glutamate receptor-mediated calcium changes in hippocampal slices during hypoxia. Bickler PE, Hansen BM Volatile and intravenous anesthetics decrease glutamate release from cortical brain slices during anoxia. Bickler PE, Buck LT, Feiner JR Role of adenosine in NMDA receptor modulation in the cerebral cortex of an anoxia-tolerant turtle (Chrysemys picta belli). Buck LT, Bickler PE Hypoxic ventilatory response predicts the extent of maximal breath-holds in man. Feiner JR, Bickler PE, Severinghaus JW Causes of calcium accumulation in rat cortical brain slices during hypoxia and ischemia: role of ion channels and membrane damage. Bickler PE, Hansen BM Effects of isoflurane and hypothermia on glutamate receptor-mediated calcium influx in brain slices. Bickler PE, Buck LT, Hansen BM Time course of augmentation and depression of hypoxic ventilatory responses at altitude. Sato M, Severinghaus JW, Bickler P Activation of brain acetylcholine receptors by neuromuscular blocking drugs. A possible mechanism of neurotoxicity. Cardone C, Szenohradszky J, Yost S, Bickler PE Influence of pH on calcium influx during hypoxia in rat cortical brain slices. O'Donnell BR, Bickler PE Developmental changes in intracellular calcium regulation in rat cerebral cortex during hypoxia. Bickler PE, Gallego SM, Hansen BM Inhibition of brain calcium channels by plasma proteins from anoxic turtles. Bickler PE, Gallego SM Central nervous system effects of intrathecal muscle relaxants in rats. Szenohradszky J, Trevor AJ, Bickler P, Caldwell JE, Sharma ML, Rampil IJ, Miller RD Cerebral anoxia tolerance in turtles: regulation of intracellular calcium and pH. Bickler PE Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate stabilizes brain intracellular calcium during hypoxia in rats. Bickler PE, Kelleher JA Regional cerebral blood flow and tissue oxygenation during hypocarbia in geese. Bickler PE, Julian D Mass spectrometers and infrared gas analyzers interpret bronchodilator propellants as anesthetic gases. Bickler PE, Sohn YJ Effects of temperature and anoxia on regional cerebral blood flow in turtles. Bickler PE The laryngeal mask airway. An unusual complication. Miller AC, Bickler P Intracranial pressure and brain redox balance in rabbits. Bissonnette B, Bickler PE, Gregory GA, Severinghaus JW Intralipid solution mistakenly infused into epidural space. Bickler P, Spears R, McKay W Efficiency of airway heat and moisture exchangers in anesthetized humans. Bickler PE, Sessler DI Acute radial nerve injury from use of an automatic blood pressure monitor. Bickler PE, Schapera A, Bainton CR Diffusion of felt-tip marker pen ink into intravenous bags. Bickler PE, Gold B, Johnson BH Effects of hypoxia and hypocapnia on brain redox balance in ducks. Bickler PE, Koh SO, Severinghaus JW Effects of acetazolamide on cerebral acid-base balance. Bickler PE, Litt L, Banville DL, Severinghaus JW Effects of acetazolamide on cerebrocortical NADH and blood volume. Bickler PE, Litt L, Severinghaus JW Effects of barbiturate anesthesia on functional residual capacity and ribcage/diaphragm contributions to ventilation. Bickler PE, Dueck R, Prutow RJ Blood respiratory properties in pigeons at high altitudes: effects of acclimation. Weinstein Y, Bernstein MH, Bickler PE, Gonzales DV, Samaniego FC, Escobedo MA Blood acid-base status of an awake heterothermic rodent, Spermophilus tereticaudus. Bickler PE CO2 balance of a heterothermic rodent: comparison of sleep, torpor, and awake states. Bickler PE
